Chapter
1: Introduction
Since the Einstein general theory of relativity was published in 1916, it
has been applied extensively to study the gravitational aspects of cosmology.
However Universe [1] shows that the Einstein theory does not yield a rigorous
analysis of gravity because it lacks a tensor to characterize the energy and
stress of the gravitational field.
The famous Schwartzschild solution of the Einstein theory was used to
derive experiments to verify the Einstein theory. Its apparent success has
disguised the fact that the Schwartzschild solution describes a very limited
single-body physical model. Schwartzschild analyzed the gravitational effects of
a single star, orbited at most by a test mass. A multi-body solution of the
Einstein theory could not be attempted during Einstein's lifetime, because it
would result in equations having millions of terms. It was not until after
Albert Einstein's death that powerful computers became available that could
apply the Einstein theory to complicated physical models.
Efforts to apply the Einstein theory to cosmology have resulted in
astronomical predictions that seriously conflict with observational evidence,
our laws of physics, and our common sense. These studies have resulted in the
big bang and black hole concepts, and the claim that quasars are extremely
distant stars that are radiating enormous amounts of energy
As explained in Universe [1],
the reason for these science-fiction predictions of the Einstein theory is that
the gravitational field equation of the theory does not yield a rigorous solution. Schwartzschild
obtained a single-body solution that gives reliable predictions
under a weak gravitational field similar to that of our solar system. The
Einstein theory cannot yield an interactive multi-body solution, and the
single-body solutions that it does allow cannot give reliable predictions under
intense gravitational fields.
The
great complexity of the tensor equations of general relativity have disguised
the weaknesses of the Einstein theory. Einstein strongly opposed the
non-physical concept of the black hole. However, after Einstein's death computer
studies have proven that a massive dense star must collapse into a black hole of
essentially infinite mass density if the Einstein equations are to be satisfied.
If
Einstein had lived to experience these computer studies, one cannot believe that
he would have accepted their non-physical consequences. He certainly would have
realized that there is something wrong with his gravitational field equation. Albert Einstein was
scrupulous in demanding that his theories must be consistent with physical
evidence.
The
weaknesses of the Einstein theory have been corrected by the Yilmaz theory of
gravitation, which is an extension of the Einstein theory. The Yilmaz theory
adds to the gravitational field equation of the Einstein theory a tensor to
characterize the energy and stress of the gravitational field. This allows the
theory to yield multi-body solutions that apply under intense gravitational
fields. As a result the non-physical predictions that have been derived from the
Einstein theory are eliminated.
1.2 Application of
the Einstein and Yilmaz Theories
Applying the Einstein theory is extremely difficult, because one must
solve its very complicated gravitational field equation. This tensor equation
represents ten independent simultaneous equations. For a general physical model,
these ten equations can have millions of terms.
The gravitational field equation of the Yilmaz theory is more complicated
than that of the Einstein theory because it has an additional tensor that
characterizes the energy and stress of the gravitational field. Nevertheless,
the Yilmaz theory is very much easier to apply than the Einstein theory, because
one does not have to solve its gravitational field equation when implementing
the theory. The Yilmaz theory is applied by calculating the gravitational
potential of the physical model. The Yilmaz theory proves that the gravitational
field equation is automatically satisfied when the gravitational potential is
properly specified.
1.3 Time-Varying
Yilmaz Theory
The basic Yilmaz theory is a static solution that applies exactly only
when the gravitational field does not vary with time. Nevertheless it gives a
very accurate approximation when the velocities are much less than the speed of
light, and so the basic static Yilmaz theory is more than adequate in nearly all
practical applications.
Chapter 5 describes the general time-varying Yilmaz theory. The
gravitational potential is generalized to form the gravitational potential
tensor. The time-varying Yilmaz theory is much more difficult to implement than
the static theory, but is still very much easier to apply than the Einstein
theory. Chapter 5 (supplemented by Appendix F) proves that the
gravitational field equation for the time-varying theory is always satisfied and
so never needs to be solved.
1.4 Cosmological
Implications of Yilmaz Theory
Universe [1] applies the Yilmaz theory to cosmology. It shows that the
big bang and black hole concepts are merely non-physical consequences of
mathematical weaknesses in the Einstein theory. These science-fiction concepts
are eliminated with the Yilmaz theory. The Yilmaz theory also shows that the
anomalous redshift of a quasar is produced by a strong gravitational field, not
by velocity. This indicates that quasars are very much closer that is generally
assumed, and are radiating much less energy.
A cosmology model has been derived from the Yilmaz theory. It assumes a
constant average density of matter throughout the universe, which does not
change with time. Equations derived from this model demonstrate that the
universe should expand locally approximately in accordance with the Hubble Law. The
Hubble expansion is a local relativistic effect produced by gravity. It is not
the result of a big-bang explosion. Over very large distances the universe does
not expand. Thus the Yilmaz theory predicts that relativistic effects should
distort space in such a manner that the universe expands locally about every
point in the universe, yet the size of the universe does not change.
In order for the density of the universe to remain constant as the
universe expands, the Yilmaz cosmology model requires that matter be continually
created to offset the expansion. This creation of matter represents the
conversion of energy into matter. Energy is transmitted across the universe and
is converted into mass to form diffuse matter in space. This diffuse matter
forms new stars and galaxies. By this process the universe stays forever young,
even though it is infinitely old.
The Yilmaz cosmology model predicts that the age of the universe is
infinite. Our universe has always been approximately like we see it today.
Nevertheless it is continually changing, and so it does not grow old and die.