Big bang: Yilmaz refinement of Einstein theory eliminates black hole and big bang. The Big Bang did not happen. Einstein opposed the black hole, and Yilmaz extended his thought. The Big Bang is bunk. |
The Mythology of Modern Astronomy
Introduction. Though immersed in a sea of astronomical data, modern astronomy is sinking into a mythological confusion that is comparable to the days of Galileo. Authoritative sources inform us with complete certainty that our universe was created about 15 billion years ago as a singularity, of infinite density and infinitesimal size, that exploded with a Big Bang. Astronomers are finding physically impossible Black Holes, in which all matter is squeezed into an infinitely dense singularity. Our universe is filled with undetectable Dark Energy and non-physical Dark Matter, that is devoid of protons, electrons, and neutrons.
The Whirlpool galaxy, 35 million light years away, resembles
our Milky Way galaxy.What is the basis for these strange predictions? They are derived from computer studies of the Einstein General theory of Relativity. Without a computer, Einstein could apply his very complicated equations only to very simple physical models. When computers became available, hundreds of scientists began to solve the Einstein equations in a manner unheard of in Einstein's time. Their computer solutions now form a rigid mold into which all astronomical data must fit.
Yet Einstein absolutely rejected the singularity.
He called black holes, "Schwartzschild singularities", and insisted that "Schwartzschild singularities do not exist in physical reality" [2]. He knew that his equations predicted a singularity at the instant of the Big Bang, but denied that a singularity actually occurred, claiming, "One may not therefore assume the validity of the equations for very high density of field or of matter" [3]Since Einstein recognized that his General Relativity equations are only approximately valid, computer solutions of these equations have marginal significance
A Brief Summary of Astronomy
There is nothing more awe-inspiring to me than to gaze into the heavens on a clear moon-less night from a location far from city lights. Countless stars are shining down on me with wondrous glory. I am particularly excited to see that pale white pathway across the sky, named the Milky Way by the ancient Greeks.
The heavens become even more inspiring when we understand what they represent. Our planet earth circles around the sun along with seven other planets and countless lesser bodies. Most of the stars that we see in our heavens are like our sun. Our sun, along with 100 billion stars, moves in a formation called the Milky Way galaxy, which is similar to the Whirlpool galaxy shown in the figure. Our Milky Way galaxy is so vast that light takes 100 thousand years to propagate across it. Our sun is located 2/3 of the distance from the center of our galaxy to its circumference. The sun is traveling at 250 km/sec, and takes 200 million years to complete one circle around the galaxy center.
The stars that we observe in the heavens are mostly "suns" located fairly close to us in our galaxy. Some of these stars are larger than our sun, and shine more brightly, while others are smaller and dimmer. A 10 percent increase in a star’s mass produces a 40 percent increase in its radiated power and a 30 percent decrease in its life span. Our sun was created 5 billion years ago, and will last for another 5 billion years. The pale white pathway that we call the Milky Way is the light from very distant stars within our Milky Way galaxy.
Five of the "stars" move slowly across the heavens relative to the other fixed stars. A moving "star" was called a "planet" by the ancient Greeks, which is the Greek name for "wanderer". The Greeks named the five planets after their gods, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. The other two planets, Uranus and Neptune, are so distant they cannot be seen by the naked eye, and were discovered by telescopes. True stars generate their own light, but the planets shine with light reflected from our sun.
Some of the "stars" that we observe in the heavens are actually large collections of stars, like our Milky Way galaxy. These galaxies appear small because they are at enormous distances. Astronomers estimate that our universe contains at least 10 billion galaxies.
The Hubble Expansion of the Universe. When a star moves toward us, its light wavelengths are shifted toward the blue end of the spectrum (to shorter wavelengths), and when a star moves away, its wavelengths shifted toward the red (to longer wavelengths). By measuring spectral wavelength shift, astronomers can accurately determine the velocity of a star relative to us in the radial direction, toward us or away from us.
In 1929, astronomer Edwin Hubble measured the radial velocities of several galaxies and estimated their distances by various means. He discovered that galaxies more than a few million light years away all have spectral red-shift, and so are all moving away from us. The greater the distance, the faster the galaxy recedes. This showed that our universe is expanding. The average ratio of galaxy velocity to galaxy distance is called the Hubble constant.
A much more accurate value of the Hubble constant has been achieved in recent years, but there is still some uncertainty in its value. The author uses a Hubble constant of 20 km/sec per million light years of galaxy distance. Assuming that this parameter does not change with distance, a galaxy 15 billion light years would recede at the speed of light (300,000 km/sec). Since a galaxy receding at more than the speed of light cannot be seen, our universe is generally considered to have an observable radius of about 15 billion light years. (One light year is the distance that light travels in one year, which is about 10 trillion kilometers.)
Theories to Explain the Hubble Universe Expansion. The cause of the Hubble expansion is the primary mystery of astronomy. The most obvious explanation is the "Big Bang" theory, which postulates that the universe began as a very dense body, which exploded with a "Big Bang" about 15 billion years ago, and has been expanding ever since. Another explanation is the "Steady-State" theory, which postulates that matter is being continuously created throughout the universe, and this creation of matter forces the universe to expand. Other theories postulate that the Hubble expansion is an Apparent effect. The "Apparent" theories assume that processes other than velocity are producing the Hubble spectral red-shift, and that the universe is not actually expanding. The Big Bang theory predicts a universe that is about 15 billion years old, whereas the Steady-State and Apparent theories predict an infinitely old universe.
The Big Bang theory was publicized just after World-War II by George Gamow, who was a famous nuclear physicist that worked to develop the atomic nuclear bomb. The famous astrophysicist Fred Hoyle opposed the Gamow theory by postulating his Steady-State theory. Hoyle used the term "Big Bang" in a derogatory manner to characterize the Gamow theory, and that name has been used ever since.
Gamow postulated that the universe had the density of a neutron star at the instant of the big bang. A neutron star consists entirely of tightly packed neutrons, and weighs one billion tons per teaspoon. Although this density may seem unbelievable, it is still physically possible. There is strong evidence that neutron stars with this density are formed in supernova explosions. Gamow considered this to represent the maximum possible density of matter. Assuming that our present observable universe is 15 billion light years in diameter, at the instant of the big bang our observable universe would have just about fit within the orbit of the planet Mars, if it had the neutron-star density postulated by Gamow.
During Einstein’s lifetime, the Big Bang theory assumed the Gamow concept, which postulated neutron-star density at the big bang. About a decade after Einstein’s death in 1955, powerful computers became available, and scientists began to apply them to study the equations of Einstein’s General theory of Relativity. These computer studies led to the Modern Big Bang theory, which predicts a singularity at the instant of the big bang, having essentially infinite density. The prominent astronomical authority, Terence Dickinson, claims that our observable universe was initially "one trillionth of the size of a proton" at the instant of the Big Bang. [5] (page 118)
The Black Hole. A visual conception of a black hole was presented in a movie scene, with space travelers looking with utter fear at a completely black sphere, outlined against a background of stars, as they are pulled relentlessly by the enormous gravitational force of the black hole. (I don’t know what happened to the hapless explorers.) The black sphere is called the event horizon. When light or anything else falls within the event horizon, it cannot escape. The only evidence that there is matter inside the event horizon is the tremendous gravitational pull of the black hole.
What happens inside the event horizon? Consider two atoms, one above the other. Electromagnetic radiation such as heat can travel from the upper atom to the lower atom, but not in the reverse direction. How can atoms of a body interact inside the event horizon? They can’t. How can real matter exist inside the event horizon? It can’t. All matter must be squeezed into a point of zero size and infinite density at the center of the black hole. In short, a black hole is physically impossible and so cannot exist in physical reality. The black hole is nothing more than mathematical fiction. As we will see, Einstein stated this conclusion with complete clarity.
Einstein’s Rejection of the Singularity
Einstein absolutely rejected the singularity throughout his lifetime. He opposed the black hole singularity and the big bang singularity, but did not use the now popular terms, "black hole" and "big bang". He called the black-hole a "Schwartzschild singularity".
The black hole concept was first presented in a 1939 paper [1] by Robert Oppenheimer and his graduate student, H. Snyder, which applied General Relativity to the end of the life of a massive star. The paper concluded with
"When all thermonuclear sources of energy are exhausted, a sufficiently heavy star will collapse. Unless fission due to rotation, the radiation of mass, or the blowing off of mass by radiation, reduce the star's mass to the order of that of the sun, this contraction will continue indefinitely."
This paper predicted that a massive star must shrink "indefinitely" until it becomes a singularity having zero size and an infinite density of matter. Light cannot escape from this collapsed star, and so the star was later called a black hole.
The next month, Einstein responded to this with an extensive analysis [2], but the Einstein paper politely did not directly refer to the Oppenheimer-Snyder article. Einstein concluded with
"The essential result of this investigation is a clear understanding as to why the ‘Schwartzschild singularities’ do not exist in physical reality. Although the theory here treats clusters whose particles move along circular paths, it does not seem to be subject to reasonable doubt that more general cases will have analogous results. The 'Schwartzschild singularity' does not appear for the reason that matter cannot be concentrated arbitrarily. And this is due to the fact that otherwise the constituting particles would reach the velocity of light."
No one tried to dispute Einstein during his lifetime. However, about a decade after Einstein’s death in 1955, powerful computers became available, which could finally apply the General Relativity equations to complex physical models. These computer studies led to the conclusion that Oppenheimer was right and Einstein was wrong. General Relativity apparently proved that if a contracting star reaches a critical density of matter, it must collapse indefinitely to form a black hole singularity.
Since that time, astronomers have found many black holes throughout the universe. But are these really black holes? Are they really "Schwartzschild singularities", which Einstein insisted "do not exist in physical reality"? A more reasonable interpretation is that they are massive neutron stars. However, when the General Relativity equations are applied to a massive neutron star, they require the massive neutron star to collapse into a black hole singularity.
To explore this issue, let us examine Einstein’s comments on the big-bang singularity, published in 1945 [3]. Einstein recognized that his General Relativity equations predict a singularity at the instant of creation of the universe (at the "big bang"). He concluded with
"Theoretical doubts [concerning the creation of the universe] are based on the fact that [at the] beginning of the expansion, the metric becomes singular and the density becomes infinite. . . In reality, space will probably be of a uniform character, and the present [relativity] theory will be valid only as a limiting case. . . One may not therefore assume the validity of the equations for very high density of field and of matter, and one may not conclude that the 'beginning of the expansion' must mean a singularity in the mathematical sense. All we have to realize is that the equations may not be continued over such regions."
Thus, Einstein insisted that his theory would not apply accurately under conditions of extreme density of field and matter, and so cannot be used to justify a big bang singularity.
This same argument must also apply to the black hole singularity. Regardless of what the Einstein equations may predict, Einstein's philosophy shows that General Relativity cannot be used to justify a black hole singularity. As Einstein stated in 1945, his equations do not hold accurately "for very high density of field and of matter". [3]
Einstein recognized that a singularity drastically conflicts with physical reality. He had extensive experience with physical experiments, and was absolutely committed to the principle that a physical theory must be consistent with observational evidence. The thinking of Albert Einstein on such issues is discussed in a recent biography of Einstein by Folsing [4], which states
"Some of Einstein's admirers were tempted to see the general theory of relativity as a triumph of speculation over empiricism. This kind of misunderstanding made Einstein 'downright angry' [who said] 'This development teaches us something entirely different, indeed almost the opposite, namely that a theory, in order to merit confidence, must be based on generalizable facts'. . . . To Einstein, facts were not only the starting point of his theory but also the keynote of any test of it."
Einstein insisted that the black hole and big bang singularities derived from General Relativity do not represent physical reality. Einstein’s philosophy tells us that these singularity predictions are merely mathematical limitations in the General Relativity equations
Opposition to the Big Bang Theory by Scientists
Although scientific magazines and television programs treat the Big Bang theory as absolute fact, there is strong opposition to the Big Bang theory in the scientific community. The website www.cosmology.info describes the Alternate Cosmology Group, which was initiated with the "Open Letter on Cosmology", written to the scientific community and published in the New Scientist magazine on May 22, 2004. This letter was endorsed by a large group of scientists throughout the world.
The group objects to the limiting of cosmological funding to work within the Big Bang framework, which piles ad-hock hypotheses upon ad-hock hypotheses, while strong evidence against the Big Bang theory continues to mount.
The Big Bang theory predicts that the universe was created 13.7 billion years ago, yet there is evidence that the universe must be much older than that. For example, large scale structures in the universe require many times the predicted Big Bang age of the universe. Astronomers find normal galaxies and heavy elements (which take billions of years to form) at the outer limits of the observable universe, where galaxies should be very young. To explain contradictory data obtained from supernova explosions, Big Bang theorists propose mythical "Dark Energy" for which there is no physical evidence.
This group has shown proof that modern astronomy is sinking deeper and deeper into mythology. Scientific evidence is discarded and replaced with consensus from astronomical authorities.
And yet this maverick group still unequivocally supports the computer studies of the Einstein gravitational field equation, which are the source of the cosmological confusion. Consequently, the group cannot possibly develop a valid alternative to the Big Bang theory, because it insists on treating the Einstein equations as absolute truth.
The problem with astronomy today is that too many scientists have based their careers on computer studies of the Einstein equations.
The Gravitational Theory of Huseyin Yilmaz
The scientific answer to this dilemma was given 50 years ago by the gravitational theory derived by Huseyin Yilmaz and published in the prestigious Physical Review in 1958. [6] The Yilmaz theory is a direct refinement of the Einstein theory. It applies the principles of the Einstein theory, yet does not have the singularity defects of the Einstein equations. As we will see, the Yilmaz theory has a profound mathematical foundation. This theory is explained in Document 1,1 of Page 1 in this website.
It should be obvious why the Yilmaz theory is ignored? It provides strong proof that the countless computer studies of the Einstein gravitational field equations have little significance.
The Myth of Einstein
When Einstein presented his General theory of Relativity in 1916, the public was greatly confused by its complicated tensor equations, and the myth evolved that only a genius could understand the Einstein theory. Einstein and his followers reinforced this myth, because it helped to support the Einstein theory, which certainly deserved all of the recognition that it received.
There is no question of Einstein’s great genius. The concepts involved in developing the Einstein theory were profound. However the application of the Einstein theory is an entirely different matter. It merely takes a competent physicist, not a genius, to understand the Einstein equations and to apply them on a computer. All of these equations were precisely specified by Einstein. A simple explanation of Einstein's General theory of Relativity is given in document 1,1 of Page 1.
References
Contents of Website[1] J. R. Oppenheimer and H. Snyder, "On Continued Gravitational Contraction", Physical Review, Sept. 1939, vol 56, pp 455-459.
[2] Albert Einstein, "On a stationary system with spherical symmetry consisting of many gravitating masses", Annals of Mathematics, Oct. 1939, vol 40, No 4, pp 922-936 (see p. 936).
[3] Albert Einstein, The Meaning of Relativity, Princeton University Press, 5th ed., 1953, ISBN 0-691-02352-2, (1st ed. 1921), (See appendix for 2nd ed., 1945, p. 129).
[4] Albrecht Folsing, Albert Einstein, a Biography, 1997, (transl. from German by Ewald Osers). Penguin Books, NY, ISBN 0-14-02.3719-4.
[5] Terrence Dickinson, The Universe and Beyond, 3rd ed, 1999, Firefly Books Ltd., Ontario, ISBN 1-55209-361-1.(page 118)
[6] Huseyin Yilmaz, "New Approach to General Relativity", Physical Review, vol. 111, No. 5, Sept. 1, 1958, pp 1417-1426,
Following Home Page, this website is separated into five sections, called Page 1 to Page 5. The material addressed in these five pages is listed below.
Page 1, Relativity
This page describes the Einstein General theory of Relativity (with a summary of the Special theory), and the Yilmaz gravitational theory, which is a refinement of the Einstein theory. The principles of General Relativity are explained in a simple manner. This shows that the Einstein gravitational field equation, which specifies General Relativity, has serious weaknesses. Yilmaz discovered a different way of applying the principles of General Relativity, and thereby was able to calculated rigorously a gravitational field equation that does not have the deficiencies of the Einstein equation.
Scientists have been attempting for nearly a century to apply General Relativity to astronomy, because they realized that the relativistic effects of gravity should have a profound influence in cosmology. However all that this effort has achieved are physically impossible predictions, including black hole singularities and mysterious dark energy. The reason for this failure is that the Einstein gravitational field equation is flawed. Since the Yilmaz theory gives a rigorous specification of the principles of General Relativity, it provides the means of applying relativistic principles to astronomy. Cosmological predictions derived from the Yilmaz theory are presented, which includes a different explanation for the cause of the Hubble expansion of the universe.
Cosmic Background Radiation has been claimed to be proof of the Big Bang theory. Documents 1,2 and 1,3 of Page 1 show that the cosmology model derived from the Yilmaz theory accurately predicts Cosmic Background Radiation with a cosmological model that is similar to the Hoyle Steady-State theory. The analysis supporting this result is presented in document 1,4 of Page 1.
The metric equation is an important tool for calculating relativistic effects produced by gravity. Document 1,5 of Page 1 gives a simple explanation of the metric equation, showing how it is applied.
Page 2, Books
Page 3, Purchase
Page 4, Cosmology
This page gives material relating to cosmology. The Metric Equation is described in Appendix A. Appendix B gives data concerning the Density of Matter in the Universe. Appendices C and D present analyses relating to the Yilmaz Cosmology Model. This material is modified to change the Hubble constant from 25 to 20 km/sec per million light years. Appendix E gives data concerning the Density of a Neutron Star Appendix F gives a revised (2007) analysis of Cosmic Background Radiation.
Page 5, Scientific Addendum
This page gives scientific support to this website and to books by the author. This Scientific Addendum assumes a knowledge of calculus, but does not require a knowledge of Relativity theory beyond what is presented in the book by Adrian Bjornson, A Universe that We Can Believe, which is described in Page 2.
This page gives detailed analyses of the Einstein General Relativity theory and the Yilmaz gravitational theory. This includes in Chapter 5 a detailed analysis of the Yilmaz general time-varying gravitational theory.
The analyses of Cosmic Background Radiation for the Yilmaz cosmology model applies the equations for an ideal blackbody radiator. Modified versions of the general blackbody equations are developed in Appendix A of this Scientific Addendum.
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The author, Adrian Bjornson, can be reached at this Email address
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